Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this program, attendees should be able to:

1. Discuss the mechanisms by which microorganisms develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and name a risk factor for MDR pathogens.
   
2. Recommend appropriate initial, empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected HAP, VAP, or HCAP and identify a consideration in making subsequent modifications in antibiotic therapy.
   
3. Name an MDR pathogen commonly associated with HAP, VAP, and HCAP, and describe strategies for antibiotic use to treat HAP, VAP, and HCAP caused by that pathogen.
   
4. Explain the role of antimicrobial stewardship and/or management programs in reducing antimicrobial resistance.